Distinguish the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus, striatum and Essay

Distinguish the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus, striatum and amygdale - Essay Example Hippocampus can be related to limbic system of the brain and it has a significant role in not only maintaining long term memory but also in spatial navigation. These roles of hippocampus make it a structure of critical importance for a brain. When we talk about hippocampus’s critical role in the brain, we should also mention its importance in the formation of factual and autobiographical memories in the brain of a human or a mammal. Hippocampus can also work as a gateway for the memory (Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993). It is in a sense that all new memories pass through this gateway before getting into the permanent storage area of the brain. If we talk about the structure of hippocampus, we can call it a paired structure which is formed so that mirror image lies on both sides of the brain (Matthews, 2000). Damage to this critical structure of the brain can lead to a very detrimental disease which is anterograde amnesia. In anterograde amnesia, new memories can not be formed by the brain because it loses the ability of formation of any sort of new memories in the brain (Traub & Miles, 1991). In such case, older memories don’t get affected and they are kept safe in the brain. The affect is only on new memories. When a person gets damage to the hippocampus of the brain, he loses the ability to store new memories but all those memories which have a relation with his past, are kept safe in the brain. But it is not the case with skills and abilities of a person. Skills don’t get affected by the damage to hippocampus. Even new memories which are related to the skills and habits of a person can be formed without a proper functioning hippocampus in the brain (Buzsaki, 2006). There are various researches which are being made these days by the researchers in the medical field in order to determine those memories which don’t get affected due to improper functioning of hippocampus. These researches are

Malungay Powder Essay Example for Free

Malungay Powder Essay Malunggay Powder, A Solution for Nutritional Diffeciencies I. Background of the study Health awareness is the prime investment, ingenuity is the investor’s joining effort, and wellness is the net gain. Most people think that adapting a healthy and well conditioned life is expensive and difficult to achieve. The significance is just how one resourcefully utilizes the cheap, the natural abundance of nature, and the untiring quest to alternatives and remedies. Malunggay is a kind of vegetables that is enrich with vitamins, minerals and amino acids that are needed for optimum health. The importance of this vegetable particularly its leaves serve as a food supplement, Malunggay touted as â€Å"All- around miracle tree or Nature’s medicine cabinet† contains a wide variety of nutrients in high amounts. This powderized form vegetable add nutrition to our deficient diet due to modern food preparation, lack of family food budget, and busy lifestyles that make it hard to prepare a healthy and balanced diet food. It acts as an inexpensive insurance against nutritional deficiencies. II. Significance of the Study This study will promote awareness on the relevance of serving vegetable meals, soup, bread, dessert, shakes, juices and mixes with Malunggay powder. It encourages households to plant Malunggay in their backyards for personal consumption. Furthermore, it supports the Department of Agriculture on their program of propagating vegetable garden e. g. Malunggay and other nutritional vegetables as a revenue-generating industry? under its biotechnology program where it currently enjoys wide array of Malunggay and other vegetable based products manufactured in the Philippines and being sold in local and international markets. Finally, it inspires people to study and research all the benefits of vegetables and other agricultural products. II. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study focused on the specifications of how to procure the major quality ingredients, the Malunggay leaves and conscientiously observe the proper preparation and storage of the produce product. It took a month to got the final result of the research work using the method of experimentation. As Malunggay leaves is readily cultivated in the backyard and easily harvested. The study undergo three (3) repeated experimentations to come up with the reliable and factual results. Firstly, the outcome of the Malunggay leaves harvested at noontime when the sun is intense. Secondly, the primary ingredient, malunggay leaves will be hang outside with moderate exposure to sunlight. And lastly, the recommended procedure wherein the malunggay leaves is harvested in early morning was followed closely to yield the desired result. III. Methodology In acquiring the study of Malunggay powder, constant research was done. Facts were gain from books and computer resources. The abundance of the said vegetables which most of the time left out wilted encouraged our curious mind, thus this investigatory and research was done. The accessibility and availability of this Malunggay vegetable inspired us, the Biology Group 1 of II- Zatti where an actual and continuous propagation was made to ensure freshness of harvest during the several process of experimentation. The materials used in this study were (1. ) 3 Bundle of Malunggay leaves (approximately 1 kilo) (2. ) clothes pin (3. ) mortar and pestle or blender (grinder) (4. ) Brown paper bag or empty box with wide opening (5. ) sealed container or ziplock The preparation or procedures of Malunggay powder were as follows

Children Coping With Stress :: essays research papers

CHILDREN COPING WITH STRESS While some stress is normal and even healthy, children today seem to encounter many stressful life events at earlier ages. Stress shows itself in children by complaints about stomachaches, being nervous, trouble sleeping, anger flares, and infections. There are a variety of reasons for children to feel stress. Death, divorce, remarriage, moving, long illness, abuse, family or community violence, natural disaster, fear of failure, and cultural conflict may each heighten stress. Under stress, the heart rate and breathing are at a higher speed and muscles are tense. Multiple stressors worsen the stress level and the length of the stress. Our bodies need relief from stress to reestablish balance. Reactions to stress vary with the child’s stage of development, ability to cope, the length of time the stressor continues, intensity of the stressor, and the degree of support from family, friends, and community. The two most frequent indicators that children are stressed are change in behaviors and regression of behaviors. Children under stress change their behavior and react by doing things that are not in keeping with their usual style. Behaviors seen in earlier phases of development, such as thumb sucking and regression in toileting, may reappear. Typically, preschoolers lack self-control, have no sense of time, act independently, are curious, may wet the bed, have changes in eating habits, have difficulty with sleep or speech, and cannot tell adults how they are feeling. Preschoolers under stress each react differently. Some behaviors may include irritability, anxiety, uncontrollable crying, trembling with fright, eating or sleep problems. Toddlers may regress to infant behaviors, feel angry and not understand their feelings, fear being alone or without their parent, withdraw, bite, or be sensitive to sudden or loud noises. Feelings of sadness or anger may build inside of them. They may become aggressive or angry, have nightmares, or be accident prone. Just as children’s reactions are each different, so are their coping strategies. Children can cope through tears or tantrums or by retreating from unpleasant situations.

Marketing reflective essay Essay

As Jobber(2012) was claiming, the marketing concept is â€Å"Achieving corporate goals by meeting and exceeding customer needs, better than the competition†. Marketing is the process of telling a true story in an unforgettable manner. As a consequence, it became an essential tool in the competitive business environment. The main objective is to maximize the company’s profit by showing up with stunning adverts. Bearing in mind the development of technology, â€Å"It is well known that markets grow by the reduction of unit prices: this is how the computer became a household necessity†, this could not be possible without a good marketing strategy (Kapferer 2012, p.205). Ever since I finished High School, I stood among people that set up businesses without any help, dealing with problems and learning from the occurred challenges. My thirst for knowledge had increased when somebody introduced me a multilevel marketing business and the innovative method that implied th is cash back system. Therefore, I was influenced in a positive way, understanding what I truly want for my future. I got involved in that multilevel marketing business with a couple of friends, developing a team in which we had a simple goal: growing on both financial and educational aspects. In other words, this was my first step in dealing with many people and improving my persuasive skills. During this process, I had learnt to plan every step along the way, to analyse each business situations, to research and compile data in order to make accurate decisions. It was not long until I realized that my biggest aim was much more than just taking part in someone else’s business, so I started to invest in my education. As a result, I decided to leave my country to one of the most flourishing countries in Europe, Great Britain. From my point of view, Marketing is one of the most useful modules that I have been studying during my University programme, due to the fact that it is highly important to know how to start and grow a business. Along this year, understanding the consumer behaviour and how to cope with the competition are only a few skills that I gained. One quote that drives my desire to achieve more is â€Å"Go for the edges. Challenge yourself and your team to describe what those edges are, and then test which edge is most likely to deliver the marketing results you seek†( Seth Godin). â€Å"Globalization or the trend of growing worldwide  interconnectedness has been accompanied by several clashing notions of cultural difference† (Pieterse 2003, p.43). The international marketing is bringing the idea of companies being carried out across the borders. In order to do this, it is recommended to understand the advantages, challenges and disadvantages of expanding the firms across the world. First of all, few of the biggest advantages of passing through the ‘global localization’ process are represented by the cheap labour, raw materials and a wide variety of markets. On the other hand, companies should analyse the methods of entry, consumptions patterns, competition, media, culture and legislation of the country. In other words, in order to succeed in other markets it is important to cope with all these challenges and, more than this, to understand the differences in the customer perceptions. â€Å"Innovations are brand oxygen. They re-create leadership, focus the market on value not on price, and give a goal to the organization† (Kapferer 2012, p.202). Talking from my experience, this is the main goal of multilevel marketing companies which became known worldwide by involving more and more countries in their system. Moreover, another important aspect that should be implemented in a successful business is the marketing ethics which highlights the rights of the consumers. In order to not loose clients, the company should inform about the changes that might take place in the future. Also, customer satisfaction is the key of success for any business; thus companies should be open to receive feedback from customers. From this topic, I gained the knowledge about how a thriving business should face the impediments to fulfil the consumers needs and expectations. On the other hand, the managing marketing implementation is the process that helps customers to keep in mind the strengths of the company. In order to accomplish this, three stages are required to be followed such as an analysis of the markets and trading environment, determination of core markets and brand positioning and last, but not least, setting up flexible programmes for implementation. Controlling the marketing plan should include the flexibility of objectives, empowerment for environmental changes and monitoring, in order to allow new opportunities for the business. Being involved in a group project was a challenge for me, due to the fact that we had some communication problems between our group memb ers in the beginning. First of all, we started with a brainstorming, analysing the opportunities of companies around Hendon Central. More than this, we agreed on the same firm and started our work. Within a teamwork, there are some challenges that occur such as remaining focused on a direction, splitting equally the work and choosing a good leader. Bearing all this in mind, I might say that we did our best during the presentation and we coped with the minor communication issues. From this experience, I realized that I am a good leader and I can manage efficiently a project. Therefore, my first future plan consists in getting employed in successful corporations; working particularly in the development of green and going global projects. I strongly believe that the skills obtained until now will make me succeed in both micro and macro analysis of the company that will lead me to come up with flexible solutions for a further development. From my point of view, the analytical skill will be my strength in the marketing research and in controlling the marketing plan process. More than this, I am able to analyse the marketing opportunities by having a deeper understanding of the 4 P’s (Product, Place, Price and Promotion). Secondly, I want to improve my strategy in order to understand how I should invest in the brand’s weapon – media communication. In conclusion, during this course, I realized that the innovation is a significant component of a successful business. As a result, I will be able to achieve my highest aim- to have my own global business; by using the franchising option. References 1. Godin, S. (2012). SETH GODIN: This Is How You Create A Remarkable Product . Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/seth-godin-this-is-how-you-create-a-remarkable-product-2012-10. Last accessed 20th April 2014. 2. Jobber, D.(2012); Principles and Practice of Marketing, McGraw- Hill 3. Kapferer, K.N. (2012). The New Strategic Brand Management. London: KoganPage. 4. Pieterse, J.N. (2003). Globalization and Culture. United States of America. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

Ambition in Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz and School Ties Essay

Ambition: It’s Easy to Dream a Dream, but Much Harder to Live it Napoleon Bonaparte once said: â€Å"Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. It all depends on the principles which direct them. † From this quote, one can see that great ambition is crucial to experience success whether it is achieved in an honest fashion, or a morally questionable one. In the novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (ADK) and the movie School Ties (ST) a strong sense of ambition is one of the driving topics for the plot and the development of many characters. For example, one can see that Duddy will do anything to achieve his dreams, even if that means betraying his friends or taking part in illegal activities. Although the amount of ambition in both works is very prominent, too much ambition can prove to be detrimental in many ways, and it is evident that ambition proves to be more severe in ST because many characters struggled with common morals and were affected by the mental destruction that comes along with too much ambition. In ADK, Duddy proves to be too ambitious for his own good throughout the entire novel, as he cares too much about owning land rather than following morals or obeying the law. Just one of these examples would be when Duddy sells contraband comic books. â€Å"American comic books were beginning to trickle into the city again, and so Duddy was attracted by this new line†¦ Barney was picked up by the police and fined. Duddy, unfortunately was caught with a large stack on hand. He took fright and threw them in the furnace. † (Richler 56). This quote shows evidence that Duddy began his overly-ambitious ways at a young age by selling pornographic comic books. Moreover, this proves Napoleon Bonaparte’s quote in that those who are ambitious are willing to commit very good or very bad acts in order to succeed. Similarly, morals are lost in ST as well when Dillon cheats on his history exam, and tells the class that it was David instead of him. â€Å"It wasn’t Connors. †¦] I should have told the truth yesterday. I know who cheated. It was Green. † (Darryl Ponicsan, Dick Wolf). At this point in the movie, it portrays Dillon as the antagonist as he lied to his friends, and cheated on his exam. Since Dillon did this in order to get into Princeton, one can conclude that he did this because he felt like he had no other options. Thus leading the reader to believe that Dillon did this out of ambition, but he let his morals get the better o f him. In this way, ADK is extremely similar to ST in the sense that characters from each text betrayed their friends, and cheated in one way or another in order to succeed. Secondly, Duddy Kravitz can be seen struggling with the mental exhaustion that comes with having too much ambition throughout the novel. An example of this is when he has a small breakdown just after he loses all of his money by playing roulette. â€Å"Duddy was seized by an uncontrollable fit of laughter. He rolled over in the grass, biting his arm to muffle the noise†¦ Three times he stopped, his laughter immense. The thought of them searching for him all through the night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Richler 90. ) This quote gives evidence that Duddy was so blinded by his ambition that he has fits of laughter over the fact that he lost all of his money. Moreover, this proves that Duddy’s mental health has diminished because he doesn’t care about the fact that the employees at the lodge are sincerely worried as they search for him. Similarly, mental destruction due to ambition is portrayed in ST as well during the scene where McGivern is so upset about his teacher insulting him in French class that he sneaks into the classroom that night in order to repeat his recitation to himself while his friends are looking for him around campus. McGivern is so distraught about this presentation that he ends up getting taken away in an ambulance at the end of the night. Although the way that mental destruction is shown in ST is slightly different than in ADK, they are very alike because both mental breakdowns by the characters are brought on through their ambitions to succeed. In conclusion, mental destruction and the loss of morals from being too ambitious are evident in both novels, but it is more severe in ST because multiple characters suffer in different ways, whereas Duddy is the only character that struggles significantly with his ambitions. Ultimately, being ambitious is a great trait because it builds character, but becoming too ambitious can harm an individual in more ways than one. So, how ambitious are you?

Hobbes, Locke essays

Hobbes, Locke essays This comparative text is a bit complex in the assumption that all three essay questions can be properly justified in one large endeavor. I will begin by stating that I found all three philosophers writings challenging and insightful but to a point obscure and confusing. Yet each philosopher shared a distinct view on how the state of nature argument molded society. I will commence with Hobbes, then Locke, and conclude with Rousseau, for he is the most ambiguous of them all. In Leviathan, Hobbes begins by stating that human beings naturally desire the power to live well and that they will never be satisfied with the power they have with out acquiring more power. Hobbes also begins by strongly stating the belief of equality, that every one is created equal. He explicitly points out that all individuals have the same ability to kill one another, and hence be killed. Hobbes believed that the nature of humanity leads people to seek power. He looked on the individual as selfish, concerned with self-preservation and when two people want the same thing they become enemies, thus the creation of war. Hobbes uses three basic causes for war, competition, distrust, and glory. In each of the previous cases, men use violence to gain power. He believed that that with out a common power to unite the people, they would be in war of every man against every man. In a sense, Hobbes states that in order to create order, individuals will have to surrender their rights to the sovereign in order to create a state whereby they can be protected. It is perhaps not necessary for this to occur, but rather a side affect of human nature in which human beings must gather into groups to create a convent of natural laws in which to abide and survive from. In regards to the use of property, Hobbes conception is that property is to be distribute among human beings according to the level and perseverance excerted towards individua ...

Free Essays on Rape Essay

The Tragedy of Rape: Putting Faces to Numbers In the article, â€Å"The Possibilities and Limits of Telemedicine: Self-Treatment at the South Pole,† Sara Taub and Kayhan Parsi begin by stating, â€Å"it has been said that the death of one person is a tragedy whereas the death of a million is a statistic.† One daily occurrence where this can be applied is rape. Over 240,000 fall victim to rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault every year in the U.S. Although this a daily occurrence, many people do not realize how serious the issue truly is until they’ve heard a personal account of it; like many things, it isn’t recognized as tragic until real names and stories are placed to the statistical number. To help illustrate my point I will be using a few articles of the many on the subject. One of the articles examined, â€Å"Escaping Hades† by Lis (no last name given) is a story of one girl’s personal struggle with being the victim of rape. The second article is a statistic chart for r ape provided by RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network). The third article is the story of Jesse Dirkhising, a young boy who was brutally raped and killed, the article was written by Allyson Smith of worldnetdaily.com. I whole-heartedly agree with the quote that with many things, including rape, are much more tragic when viewed from one victims personal perspective rather than looking at a number. RAINN has provided a chart of statistics of the epidemic of rape. According to these statistics, â€Å"In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault.† Although this number is alarming and may give a bit of a shock value to whoever reads it, the truth is for the majority of people who look at this will think of it as no more than a number. Within these numbers lie true stories of victims of a terrible tragedy, it is not the numbers that tell their personal struggle or hardships that occurred throughou... Free Essays on Rape Essay Free Essays on Rape Essay The Tragedy of Rape: Putting Faces to Numbers In the article, â€Å"The Possibilities and Limits of Telemedicine: Self-Treatment at the South Pole,† Sara Taub and Kayhan Parsi begin by stating, â€Å"it has been said that the death of one person is a tragedy whereas the death of a million is a statistic.† One daily occurrence where this can be applied is rape. Over 240,000 fall victim to rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault every year in the U.S. Although this a daily occurrence, many people do not realize how serious the issue truly is until they’ve heard a personal account of it; like many things, it isn’t recognized as tragic until real names and stories are placed to the statistical number. To help illustrate my point I will be using a few articles of the many on the subject. One of the articles examined, â€Å"Escaping Hades† by Lis (no last name given) is a story of one girl’s personal struggle with being the victim of rape. The second article is a statistic chart for r ape provided by RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network). The third article is the story of Jesse Dirkhising, a young boy who was brutally raped and killed, the article was written by Allyson Smith of worldnetdaily.com. I whole-heartedly agree with the quote that with many things, including rape, are much more tragic when viewed from one victims personal perspective rather than looking at a number. RAINN has provided a chart of statistics of the epidemic of rape. According to these statistics, â€Å"In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault.† Although this number is alarming and may give a bit of a shock value to whoever reads it, the truth is for the majority of people who look at this will think of it as no more than a number. Within these numbers lie true stories of victims of a terrible tragedy, it is not the numbers that tell their personal struggle or hardships that occurred throughou...

In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis

In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis By Maeve Maddox Reader Vic Shane writes: my editor told me there is a four-dot ellipsis that is not the same thing as the three-dot version. When I went to Journalism school (32 years ago), we only had the three-dot variety, as far as I know. The extra dot came from somewhere and Id like to get to the bottom of it. I wont rest until I know why that dot is floating around in the ethers looking for a sentence! Strictly speaking, theres no such thing as a 4-dot ellipsis. Omission of material in a quotation is indicated by three dots. When a fourth dot appears, it indicates that the omitted material included at least one sentence. The Chicago Manual of Style describes the use of the ellipsis at great length, referring to the three dot, four dot, and rigorous methods (11.51 ff). Spaces or no spaces? Not all style guides agree as to whether or not the dots in the ellipsis should have spaces between them. Chicago Manual of Style An ellipsis- the omission of a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage- is indicated by ellipsis points (or dots), not by asterisks. Ellipsis points are three spaced periods (. . .), sometimes preceded or followed by other punctuation. They must always appear together on the same line, but any preceding punctuation may appear at the end of the line above (see also 11.64). MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers For an ellipsis within a sentence, use three periods with a space before each and a space after the last ( . . . ). Merriam-Webster distinguishes between ellipsis marks [ ] and suspension points [ . . . ]. According to the Wikipedia article on ellipsis, In legal writing in the United States, Rule 5.3 in the Bluebook citation guide governs the use of ellipses and requires a space before the first dot and between the two subsequent dots. If an ellipsis ends the sentence, then there are three dots, each separated by a space, followed by the final punctuation. AP style, on the other hand, leaves out the spaces ( †¦ ). Ellipsis and unfinished thought When a speaker trails off, leaving a sentence unfinished, three dots are used: I never meant . . . When a quotation ends with an ellipsis CMS When three [dots] are used, space occurs both before the first dot and after the final dot. When four are used, the first dot is a true period- that is, there is no space between it and the preceding word. MLA When the ellipsis coincides with the end of your sentence, use three periods with a space before each following a sentence periodthat is, four periods, with no space before the first or after the last. Illustration Here is an illustration of the use of ellipsis points to indicate 1) omission of words in a sentence; 2) omission of an entire sentence, and 3) ending the quotation with an ellipsis. Original Passage One further habit which was somewhat weakened, although by no means broken, was that of combining native words into self-interpreting compounds. The extent to which words like bookhouse or boatswain entered into Old English has been pointed out above. The practice was not abandoned in Middle English but in many cases where a new word could have been easily formed on the native model, a ready-made French word was borrowed instead. Baugh, A History of the English Language (221). Abridgment One further habit which was somewhat weakened . . . was that of combining words into self-interpreting compounds. . . . The practice was not abandoned. . . . The web abounds with discussions of the ellipsis. Here are some links. The Elusive Ellipsis (DWT) Kent Law writing guidelines Wikipedia article Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and Expressions35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionFew vs. Several

Using international relations theories to explain why the Falkland Essay

Using international relations theories to explain why the Falkland Island war of 1982 was a lie to the people of Argentina - Essay Example s at home, the Argentinian leadership decided to invade Falkland Island which the British government had claimed ownership in 1833, thus leading to war. This paper will discuss the major causes of the war in relation to international relation theories. In addition, the paper will discuss why the war remained a lie for the face of Argentine population. The Argentines believed that the British stole their islands, and hence there was a need to claim back their land. This is what the citizens had been taught in school and saw Britons guarding the islands as enemies. This bred a sense of patriotism and the zeal to support the government in case of war as part of fulfilling their national duty (Grove, 2005). This cultural belief is supported by the constructivism theory of international relations which is behavior based. However, in reality, the Britons living 200 miles off their coast were by no means a threat to the Argentines. Their lives had been made worse by their own government which did not care much about their welfare. Argentina was in search for an opportunity to fulfill its mission with no success. However, while one of its local merchants got a contract to clear off scrap on South Georgia Island. The idea of protecting the islands came after the merchant was denied access to the scrap site by the UK Navy personnel manning the island. He was required to get a work permit from the United Kingdom’s Embassy at Buenos Aeries (Kiney, 1989). The army got a chance for access to the island in the pretext of protecting the scrap dealer and raised the flag on the island. In a span of eight days, the Argentina leader had ordered for a full military occupation on other islands. According to an agreement signed in 1771 between Britain and Spain, Britain had reserved rights to the Islands even though it had vacated the islands in 1774 (Kiney, 1989). After Spain’s withdrawal in 1811, the land remained without any occupation until 1816. Before the colonization of

Criminal Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Development - Essay Example Edwin Sutherland developed differential association theory and social transmission theory. A social class is the core factor of criminal behavior. Differential association theory states that criminal behavior is learned by individuals. In poor neighborhoods, people learn that theft and crime are the only possible ways to "earn" money (Huff 2000). The stresses of a disorganized community weaken the inhibitions that might keep many from delinquency. Movies, radio, the theater, and newspapers are indirect reflections of real life (Wilson 1987). However, when an unstable character looks around and finds fixing, corruption, and graft, his ideas and attitudes must be affected. The case of John Gotti shows that neighborhood was the main cause of criminal behavior. He was born in Italian-American family and two of his brothers were members of street gangs (Capeci and Mustain 1996). The life of Gotti shows that there is a close link between poverty and delinquency. Extremely rich people are n ot so numerous that they can be objects of mass observations. But it is possible for us to consider all those relative "millionaires" who cannot easily withstand the insidious attack of sudden success. The social transmission theory states that criminal behavior can be transmitted from generation to generation and children are apt to follow their elder relatives to prove their significance and importance. John Gotti follows example of his brothers and further joined the Gambino family (Capeci and Mustain 1996). "Between 1957 and 1961, Gotti pursued a life of crime on a full-time basis and was arrested five times. In March 1962, he married Victoria DiGiorgio" (John Gotti Profile 2009). Merton developed a so-called strain theory. According to this theory, an individual is limited by social structure and social position. Acts of deviance can lead to criminal behavior and social disobedience. The life of John Gotti was marked by poverty and disillusions. When he tried to steal a cement mixer, he injured his foot and limped all the life (Hagedorn 1998). Following Murdock's theory, this same closeness evokes emotional needs and satisfactions, compassion, responsiveness, recognition. "In 1973 John Gotti was given his first murder contract. The victim was James McBratney, a man accused of murdering a nephew of boss Carlo Gambino. Gotti botched the job with two witnesses, but his lawyer Roy Cohn managed to work out a deal whereby Gotti served only two years for the killing" (John Gotti Profile 2009). In contrast to this theory, Gotti's parents were not involved in criminal activity (Huff 2000). According to relative deprivation,

SOCIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOCIOLOGY - Essay Example Life is much more convenient as compared to the earlier eras, where only a few could afford telephones and could communicate but today cell phones are part of life and it has made an individual approachable. Although television has set the platform for all sorts of information required for different aspects of life but I disagree in the sense that it is also deteriorating the cultural norms of the society as there are certain unacceptable scenes that are forbidden for family shows. Giving it a different view point that if there is an introduction of discipline in home regarding timings to watch television, there could be enough time for the family interaction may it be the topic of personal development or creating awareness about the happenings around the world. This will preserve the decline of cultural values too. "Yes, I agree that internet services across the world has made the accessibility of documents within a few seconds and offers a platform for interaction amongst individua ls across the globe, but at the same time it is making children to access those sites which are prohibited for them". It is therefore imperative to understand Globalization from different perspective, where a deep understanding about globalization is desired. An individual must understand it in a highly disciplined manner.

Women's Suffrage campaigns Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women's Suffrage campaigns - Research Paper Example This was following a long and difficult struggle against federal governments as well as the state. Previously, women never took part in general elections simply for the reason that they were women (Macbain-Stephens, 4). This paper discusses Women's Suffrage/the right to vote. Introduction Women's suffrage refers to women’s right to hold public office and to vote. The women's suffrage movement comprises of reformers’ every organized activity to add constitutional amendments and laws guaranteeing women the right to vote or to transform laws that hindered women from voting (Lewis, 1). Between early 1800s and civil war, which took place between the years 1861 and 1865, the US had a growing middle class, including families wherein while the women stayed at home taking care of their children, men held positions of lawyers, managers, business owners, among others. During this time, stereotypical ideas regarding women as well as men’s roles emerged from the culture of me n going into the world of work. People held the argument that since women were pure of heart in addition to being physically weak, only men could cope with the harsh events of the world of rough work. Another belief was that women should seldom leave home – they were expected to develop the aspects of submissiveness, purity, piety, and domesticity, maintaining the values of morality and stability in the home. They were also expected to create a getaway from the competitive world of business for their men (Macbain-Stephens, 6). Women were denied the right to own property, vote, obtain a divorce, speak in public, or serve on juries (Adams, 4). Macbain-Stephens further explains that long before and during the Progressive movement, a period of great reform (1900-1920) during which great transformations in economic, political and social ideas were occurring in the US, women had been fighting for their voting rights (they tried for more than 80 years without succeeding). In the year 1776 for example, a woman by the name Abigail Adams expressed strong views regarding her desire to take a more prominent role in the decision-making process pertaining the way in which the government was run as well as share a voice in the election of individuals who ran it. Abigail was the second US president’s wife and she wrote John Adams, her husband, a letter voicing her reaction to the proclamation that ‘all men are created equal’ after she had read a draft of the constitution that the second Continental Congress had written. In the letter, she requested her husband to ‘remember the ladies’ and be more favorable and to generous them than his ancestors. She promised that if her husband would not give particular attention and care to the ladies, they were determined to provoke a rebellion, and that they would not hold themselves bound by any laws in which they had no voice or representation (Adams, 4 & Thelizlibrary.org, 1-3). Abigail cauti oned against according all the power to men during the formation of a new government. According to her, the constitutional freedoms and rights were also supposed to be applicable to women too. However, Abigail’s letter did not change anything. She still held the belief that one day, women would come together to secure equal rights for themselves. By early 19th century, a period during which there was the discussion of new ideas as well as the changing of the old ideas, many people shared Abigail opinion. Equally, both men and women such as Frances Wright started protesting against the discrimination against women. a writer and editor to a newspaper known as the ‘free Enquirer’, Wright became an inspiration to many women and they

Mentors in Professional Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mentors in Professional Nursing - Research Paper Example Mentorship extends over a period of time, within which reciprocal sharing, learning, and development take place in an environment formed around respect and collegiality (Mariani, 2012). Further, Mariani (2012) emphasizes that reinforcing mentoring relationships within the nursing profession is essential in order to ensure that crucial facets of the vocation are retained, particularly in the present day healthcare environment. Moreover, an effective nurse mentor relationship is important for the upcoming generation of nurses. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how mentors support the nursing profession, the required characteristics of a mentor, and components of an effective mentor program. How Mentoring Supports the Nursing Profession Today, training, education and administration within the nursing profession is required to support and provide fundamental solutions that are directed toward the existing and progressively waning decline in nursing professionals’ collegialit y, self-confidence, and support. Indeed, the consequential damaging effects are realized in declining staff performance, and in deficient patient care outcomes. Additionally, the rapidly transforming health care environment requires that actions be taken to reinforce and inspire new and experienced nurses so as to retain competent nursing staff. Consequently, mentorship offers a unique opportunity for newer nurses to cultivate durable relationships with experienced nurses that are beneficial to the growth of both individuals and contributes to the retention of nurses within the organization and the profession. As noted earlier, mentors offer information, support and professional advice to novice nurses over an extended period of time. As such, both the mentor and mentee devote a substantial amount in the mentoring relationship emotionally, thus enabling self-directed growth and learning. To this end, mentorship provides many benefits to the nursing profession. First, mentoring helps decreases or alleviates stress and anxiety among nursing professional which impacts burnout rates. In recent years, professional nursing has been considered as an extremely stressful occupation owing to the increasing acuity of patients, declining staffing ratios, and time pressures arising from increasing productivity and performance requirements in healthcare facilities. In a research conducted at two tertiary care hospitals in New Delhi, Bhatia, Kishore, Anand, and Jiloha (2010) reported substantial job stress in approximately 87.4% of the eighty seven staff nurse respondents. According to the study, â€Å"time pressure† was identified as the top placed stressor (Bhatia, Kishore, Anand, & Jiloha, 2010). In another study, Duvall and Andrews (2010) surveyed the literature to establish why staff nurses left the bedside in connection to the nursing shortage and increased turnover rates. The study revealed a variety of reasons including management issues, job stress, job desig n, physical demands, and the inability to develop new nurses (Duvall & Andrews, 2010, p. 309). Furthermore, job stress has been linked to poor job satisfaction (Hassell, Archbold, & Stichman, 2011), undesirable physical and mental health outcomes (Nash, 2010), and ultimately to

American Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Vision - Essay Example Tom Cruise may be really interested in his acting that it may seem like he is just playing. But nevertheless, he is paid for it. The teacher on the other hand, may hate what he is doing. As such it may be considered as labor. However, for the purposes of this discussion, let us assume that he loves teaching as much as Tom Cruise loves his acting. Since we have stated that both actor and teaches is both working and loving what their doing, let us compare their earnings. The teacher earns $25,000 in a year. The movie actor could earn $15 million in three weeks. Obviously, being an actor is more lucrative. Hence the question now presented to us is whether or not this inequitable distribution of wealth is just. To answer this question, we must determine the factors that contribute to why each is paid that way. Firstly, we must look at the nature of their work. The work of the teacher has a more lasting and significant effect as it shapes the mind of the children. It is very important that they do their jobs well as the future of the kids and consequently of this nation, lies on their hands. On the other hand, the work of the actor only has an aesthetic and entertainment value. While "The Arts" is important, it is not as crucial as the work of an educator. The influence of the teacher on the lives of their students is direct, immediate and enduring. The teacher has the power to shape an individual, while the actor is not. We can see here that the disparity in their earnings does not depend on the effect of their jobs. Thus, we move on to looking at the skill required to perform their work. The teacher studied for years to be able to do what he is doing. The actor on the other hand, need not attend formal education. But this does not mean that he did not engage in activities to improve his acting skills. An actor may attend workshops or take on smaller roles for smaller pay. An actor may undergo painful cosmetic surgeries, take in cruel criticisms for his work and sacrifice their private lives. Though their efforts may be different, it would be unfair to suppose that, compared to the teacher, the actor worked less to get to where he is now. Thus, it would be safe to assume that they worked just as hard. However, an actor like Tom Cruise does not only depend on his acting skills. Most of his earnings are attributed to the fact that he is who he is. If a producer requires Tom Cruise to star in the movie, no one else can fill that spot. If an advertiser wants Tom Cruise to endorse their product, no one other than Tom Cruise can do the job. As such, the work of Tom Cruise requires a special skill, talent and personality. On the other hand, the job of the teacher is less unique. While it takes a lot of study to become one, as long as one is diligent enough to finish one's studies, get the proper licenses and qualifications, one may become a teacher too. As such, the teacher in our example may be replaced by another teacher with the same qualification. Joseph A. Schumpeter said that competition is a factor that may dictate prices. To apply it in the case presented, Tom Cruise has no competition in his field as there is no other Tom Cruise. This allows him to dictate the price of his service. He can demand as much as $15 million dollars for three weeks work in a movie. On the other hand, our teacher has lots of competition. Even if he is really good in his work, there is only so much that he can demand. Otherwise, he would be replaced by

Mentors in Professional Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mentors in Professional Nursing - Research Paper Example Mentorship extends over a period of time, within which reciprocal sharing, learning, and development take place in an environment formed around respect and collegiality (Mariani, 2012). Further, Mariani (2012) emphasizes that reinforcing mentoring relationships within the nursing profession is essential in order to ensure that crucial facets of the vocation are retained, particularly in the present day healthcare environment. Moreover, an effective nurse mentor relationship is important for the upcoming generation of nurses. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how mentors support the nursing profession, the required characteristics of a mentor, and components of an effective mentor program. How Mentoring Supports the Nursing Profession Today, training, education and administration within the nursing profession is required to support and provide fundamental solutions that are directed toward the existing and progressively waning decline in nursing professionals’ collegialit y, self-confidence, and support. Indeed, the consequential damaging effects are realized in declining staff performance, and in deficient patient care outcomes. Additionally, the rapidly transforming health care environment requires that actions be taken to reinforce and inspire new and experienced nurses so as to retain competent nursing staff. Consequently, mentorship offers a unique opportunity for newer nurses to cultivate durable relationships with experienced nurses that are beneficial to the growth of both individuals and contributes to the retention of nurses within the organization and the profession. As noted earlier, mentors offer information, support and professional advice to novice nurses over an extended period of time. As such, both the mentor and mentee devote a substantial amount in the mentoring relationship emotionally, thus enabling self-directed growth and learning. To this end, mentorship provides many benefits to the nursing profession. First, mentoring helps decreases or alleviates stress and anxiety among nursing professional which impacts burnout rates. In recent years, professional nursing has been considered as an extremely stressful occupation owing to the increasing acuity of patients, declining staffing ratios, and time pressures arising from increasing productivity and performance requirements in healthcare facilities. In a research conducted at two tertiary care hospitals in New Delhi, Bhatia, Kishore, Anand, and Jiloha (2010) reported substantial job stress in approximately 87.4% of the eighty seven staff nurse respondents. According to the study, â€Å"time pressure† was identified as the top placed stressor (Bhatia, Kishore, Anand, & Jiloha, 2010). In another study, Duvall and Andrews (2010) surveyed the literature to establish why staff nurses left the bedside in connection to the nursing shortage and increased turnover rates. The study revealed a variety of reasons including management issues, job stress, job desig n, physical demands, and the inability to develop new nurses (Duvall & Andrews, 2010, p. 309). Furthermore, job stress has been linked to poor job satisfaction (Hassell, Archbold, & Stichman, 2011), undesirable physical and mental health outcomes (Nash, 2010), and ultimately to

Family violence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family violence - Assignment Example According to Barnet et al. (2011), family violence refers to violence between family member’s i.e. husbands, wives, children and parents. The APA dictionary of psychology defines domestic violence as â€Å"any action by a person that causes physical harm to one or more members of his or her family unit† (p.23).Family violence can be learned through cultural values which are repeatedly communicated through media and institutions that tolerate it. Alcohol and drug abuse could be another force of family violence. According to Halter & Varcarolis (2014), alcohol and drugs cloud ones judgment (p. 540). However; alcohol could be used as a scapegoat to avoid arrests and punishment when caught in the act. Anger is another force that could cause people to be entrapped in family violence. Lack of skills to handle anger and stress may cause overwhelming problems for both victim and perpetrator as forms of communications may have broken down (p.11). Psychological conditions such as bipolar may contribute to cases of violence. Such conditions should be treated and people informed of the condition in case of an attack. In all different cases discussed above aggression stands out as perpetrators of violence use this tool to overpower their victims. It is also important for afflicted families and individuals to come out and seek the protection of the law and access counseling services. The children’s act 38 of 2005 gives clear outlines children’s rights and parents responsibilities towards children. The law has provisions of protection against physical child abuse. Many facets have been associated with child abuse. These include individual pathology, parent –child interaction, past abuse in the family and situational factors. (Bryant, 2011) discusses different theories of physical abuse according to Crosson-Tower (2008) which are linked to the children’s

Marketing Strategies of IBM Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategies of IBM Essay Introduction This study aims at examining the use of theoretical marketing approaches in the practical business scenario. In this domain the marketing strategy of IBM has been considered on empirical grounds. It is by the use of marketing theory and concepts that the study evaluates the marketing strategies of IBM and its role in fulfilling the firm overall goals and objectives. Four specific aspects of marketing strategy evaluation are assessed in this study. Initially the proceedings are related to the importance and the use of information in successful marketing strategies by IBM. This is followed by a discussion on IBM marketing strategies in relation to its organisational strategy. The paper also makes an analysis of the application of IBM marketing strategies in global context. Lastly e-business strategies of IBM in the marketing domain are assessed. Evaluation of marketing strategy of IBM International Business Machines Corporation, better known as IBM, is a multinational IT company involved in the manufacture and retail of computer hardware and software applications, and IT consulting services. Employing the best talents in the industry, IBM is today the largest as well as the most profitable information technology employer in the world. Despite of the adverse economic conditions, the firm achieve a significant increase in its net revenue and income in 2008 compared to previous years. Well devised and efficient marketing strategies have been the key to IBM global success. The company strongly believes that devising effective marketing strategies requires making appropriate decisions that can well enhance all kinds of competitive advantages and can create all kinds of new sources of value for the purpose of improving the organisational revenue growth. According to Luq Niazi, Leader of Strategy and Change at IBM, when the leaders of an organisation think about their business as components, it becomes clear which ones they need to own and which they do not. This clearly indicates the great emphasis that IBM places on the performance and  decision making capabilities of leaders in devising effective marketing strategies. In addition, the firm also considers understanding the requirements and needs of customers as crucial for developing effective marketing strategies. Understanding the innovative demands of customers lies at the core of developing effective marketi ng strategies. Based on IBM market share and dominance in the IT industry, the firm can be aptly described as a market leader. Being a market leader, an important marketing strategy which IBM uses against its competitors is the defensive marketing warfare strategy. The defensive marketing strategy involves the firm employing tactics to maintain its market share. There are several tactics that firms use for defending their market share, such as fortification, counterattack, mobile defence and strategic retreat (Ries and Trout, 2005). Being the courageous market leader that IBM is, the firm adopts the best defensive marketing strategy which is self attack. IBM strategy is cheaper and better than IBM. Aware of IBM tactic, customers wait for IBM new prospects as they know that the Big Blue will constantly introduce new and better products which makes the firm own products obsolete. Another key marketing strategy employed by IBM for sustaining its market leadership is product differentiation strategies. Product differentiation can be achieved using a variety of factors such as distinctive products, reliability, durability, product design etc (Kurtz and Boone, 2006). IBM uses a product differentiation strategy based on quality of performance. In line with its quest for further growth and market leadership, the firm adopts a diversification strategy. The importance of IBM growth strategy has heightened in the current economic situation with companies in the computer industry having faced a massive drop in the industrial production and productivity of computer hardware and the future growth for this segment also appearing dim. In such a context, IBM has strategically reduced its exposure to hardware by diversifying into software and services. IBM also realises the importance of maintaining good relationships with its customers and in line the firm lays great emphasis on trust based marketing strategies. Trust based marketing strategies stress on the need for organisations to gain ethical hold over consumer dealings and also be honest and open about its products and the services. For IBM, adoption of this strategy has been very effective in developing its brand  identity and image. In all of its marketing activities, the firm strives at building customer trust and loyalty. Importance and use of information in IBM marketing strategy The importance and use of information is vital for gaining success. In line, IBM adopted the strategy to take up Social Networking to the work place. It is an absolute means of sharing ideas, complains and letters of appreciation in public. By means of adopting networking opportunities, IBM established its strong hold over competitive market. It is through the provision of Social Networking (SN), that IBM established its commitment to technology and developed an enterprise wide SN mindset. IBM is the first major IT supplier that has got potential provisions for SN and is in the process of changing the entire enterprise along with a credible application to address the market. By means of investments made in the SN domain, IBM has gained enough market strengths in the enterprise lineage, global services, deep pockets and above all in gaining loyal customers. By success of SN, IBM proved to be a fine player in the domain of information networking. The proceedings have added many advantages to its organisational global services. SN for enterprises have been implemented with enough marketing strategies and this is what is providing IBM with technical expertise in the field of organizational/adoption issues. The launching of more facilities related to SN are relevant to the competition of the market. The launcher came up with a new idea and launched it much before the though had developed in anyone mind. The second big thing to the adoption of marketing strategy is the IBMs mindset in the launching of Lotus Connection. It is an information networking process with collaboration-centric approach to SN and helps in information sharing and uninterrupted workflow. By few minutes of exploration anybody can well get hold over its functionalities. IBM kept it easy and user friendly; the basics of marketing strategies. When it comes to the use of information system in IBM, the adoption of unique kind of marketing strategies is predominant. The basic approach is in being innovative and adopting something that is very user friendly and easy for the customer to adopt. Complicacies in the same field can lead to failure of  the same. This is the reason that IBM lays emphasis over making it simple, easy and sharing more than the consumer can expect. Once there is a kind of trust and sense of being facilitated gets into the consumer, he hardly will opt for any other company and this is what IBM believes to the core. Application of innovative ideas in the field of information sharing units can be of great risk, but under the marketing strategy of IBM, this risk has been taken again and again with enough success. IBM marketing strategy in relation to Organisational strategy The strategic effectiveness of an organizational strategy can be measured using SWOT analysis. This is a structure that figure out strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a particular company. Incorporating the Johnson and Scholes model for corporate strategy into this structure creates three success criteria for evaluating a firm (Rifkin, 2001). These are as following; Suitability can be assessed to identify the factors that will support the strategies. Feasibility is all about the adoption of executing the strategy into practical field. Acceptability is something that will determine the reactions that the organisation will receive by the execution of the strategies. At IBM, employees are greatly encouraged to initiate creative marketing tactics. The application of SWOT and the Johnson and Scholes model proves that IBM has got enough potentiality in developing well crafted assessment about itself. Its main strength lies in identifying its weaknesses. The approaches are all very professional and the marketing persuasions are well structured as per the organisationa l structure. As per the declarations made by the official site of IBM, the basic marketing strategy in relation to organisational strategy adopted by IBM is more concerned about the proceedings led by HRM. The perspectives of organisational dealings are strategically adopted to meet the demands of HRM. The typical business culture of IBM is customer centric and in hence a substantial amount of responsibility is placed on the HR department. It has been marked that on traditional ground many IBM executives along with aspiring general managers are selected for the purpose of improving sales force and market oriented projects. It can be well marked as Samuel J. Palmisano, the current CEO, IBM; initially joined the company in the position of a salesman. With his determination and marketing strategies he achieved the position that he currently occupies (Spooner, 2002). Though it  is unusual for a CEOs profile, but in IBM, growth of the organisation and the people working for it are directly proportionate to performances led in the field and the adoption of the marketing strategies which respond adequately to competitive pressures. Global context in IBM marketing planning In the global context, IBM has proved itself as a strong contender by managing to sustain in the most difficult situations. It has overcome the twists and turns it initially faced in adjusting to the bricks-and-clicks business structure. Overcoming all the hurdles IBM is now achieving milestones through the advantages forwarded by brick-and-click enterprises. It is through this enterprise structure that IBM has transformed into a major player in terms of getting hold over global marketing plans. Its formulisations are inclusive of creating a global brand blueprint. It is a mode that usually gets expressed locally and after attaining some success approaches on global grounds. IBM always follows the process of establishing central framework and then architects the relevant consumer experiences to gain consistency with the brand. IBM always concentrates in gaining single view from its consumers and that helps in assessing the risk factors of global marketing strategies (Rometty, 2001). In order to meet the diversified point of views, IBM follows the structure noted below; Process of analysing the context of when, where and how the appropriate and relevant customer data can be collected. This is an approach that is done under the provision of practical market survey. The means to create absolute governance framework with special attentions led over management policies and overall practices. These are the sources that are collected through the purpose of encouraging customer centricity added by the scope to safeguard customer privacy. Approaches led by institute consistent processes for target customer is the next step. In this process the relationship led by the management across all the domains of sales and provided services of the organisation are scrutinized professionally. The process of appointing efficient team leaders and strong management initiators. IBM also appoints a leader who can perform as a single customer advocate and is very much accountable for all the sorted touch points. The marketing strategies adopted by IBM to meet global demands and competitions are well inclusive of a robust infrastructure. It has the provision for optimising flexibility and  a hub-and-spoke architecture for collecting consumer demands on global arena. There is also well marked acknowledgement for all the innovative ways adopted by the partners of IBM. Developments attain by the partners of IBM in global terms is also directly related to the marketing strategies followed by IBM. IBM understands the fact that partners can add much hold over the local market and can reach the consumer with more in-depth formulations. This is the reason that they believe in developing capitalized relationship with these partners for future opportunities. IBM and e-business strategies The motive of any electronic business is to efficiently meet consumer demands through internet networking. The internet provides a medium for businesses to reach out to customers globally at very low costs. It is an exclusive means adopted through the dealings related to information and communication technologies. In case of IBM the role of e-business is very strong. Through e-business strategies, IBM is equipping itself with all kinds of external activities and is applying determined relationships for respective business dealings; with individuals, diversified groups and corporate clients. According to Who Says Elephants Cant Dance?; a book by a former CEO of IBM, Louis Gerstner (2003), IBM approach for e-Business strategies is handled by specialised e business teams operating under IBMs marketing department. It is through its e-business strategies that IBM is able to link its internal as well as external data processing systems with greater efficiency and flexibility. E-business helped IBM in reaching closer to its consumers, conveying the message of reliability and in urn enhancing customer loyalty to the brand. The proceedings led by IBM for the development and implementation of e-business concentrate on the diversified functions occurring through electronic capabilities. IBM is also a part of the entire value chain proceeding for more profitable dominance over the local as well as global market. There are some predominant sectors where the e-business strategies are applied to gain more trust and money from the consumer. These activities are noted below; electronic purchasing supply chain management processing orders electronically handling customer service cooperating with business partners These proceedings add special technical standards in the e-business structure of IBM. The firm also utilises e-business strategies to exchange of data between its partners and associate companies. As a matter of fact the e-business strategies of IBM are not much different from the other marketing strategies. The basic difference however depends over the expansion of management for sending and receiving contracts from the consumer. It is under this strategic implementation that IBM has adopted many local dealers to be a part of its services. These dealers are of course selected through some professional modes. The reputations of these dealers are marked by IBM first before offering the partnership. In terms of services for each product sold through e-business, IBM provides appropriate training to all those people who are a part of this structure. With strategic planning IBM is also into the dealings related to integrated intra and inter firm business proceedings. Conclusion From the above discussions, it can be derived that the marketing strategies adopted by IBM are built on the structure of trust based marketing, defence marketing warfare, product differentiation and diversification marketing strategies. It is through the appropriate use of these theoretical approaches that IBM has established itself very strongly in the traditional marketplace as well as in the burgeoning online marketplace. IBM strives at fulfilling the needs and expectations of its customers and in enhancing customer trust and loyalty. The products and services provided by IBM can guarantee their utility to the customers satisfaction. In a nutshell, IBM is a courageous risk taker that places great emphasis on innovative ideas for further growth. In line, the firm explores the consumers domain through proper hold over local and global proceedings. References Emerson, W.P. (1996) Building IBM: Shaping the Industry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. Gerst, Louis V. (2003) Who Says Elephants Cant Dance? Leading a Great Enterprise through Dramatic Change. Harper Paperback Ham, A. and Rastelli, L.G. (2002) Marketing Essential techniques and strategies geared towards results, John Wiley and Sons Inc, USA. IBM Global Business Services, http://www-935.ibm.com/services/uk/index.wss/home [retrieved on 19th Nov. 2009] Kurtz, D. L. and Boone, L.E. (2006) Principles of Marketing, 12th edn, Thomson South-western, USA. Ries, A. and Trout, J. (2005) Marketing warfare, Pearson, UK. Rifkin, J. (2000) The Age of Access, Putnum Books, New York Rometty, Ginni (2001) Five marketing tips for the digital age. http://www.935.ibm.com/services/au/index.wss/ibvstudy/igs/a1006209?cntxt=a1005848 [retrieved on 19th Nov. 2009] Spooner, John G. (2002) IBM meets lowered estimates. Staff Writer, CNET News April 17, 2002 http://news.cnet.com/IBM-meets-lowered-estimates/2100-1014_3-885259.htm [retrieved on 20th Nov. 2009] Find out more from UK Essays here: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/marketing-strategies-of-ibm.php#ixzz3JFUjpwpr

OConnor Character Traits Essay -- Comparative Literature Green Leaf E

O'Connor Character Traits In Flannery O'Connor's short stories, "A Good Man is Hard to Find", "Revelation", and "Greenleaf", the main character in each share similar traits. Though the grandmother, Mrs. Turpin, and Mrs. May differ from each other in many aspects, there are three notable traits that each clearly possesses. Each of these individuals is highly conscious of their own social status, is socially prejudiced, and is extremely racist. Each of the women is revealed as being highly conscious of their own social status. Not only are they aware of where they exist socially, they are quite proud of their ranking. A perfect example of this occurs in "A Good Man is Hard to Find" when the grandmother dresses herself in such a fashion that "in case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady." She has purposefully dressed herself in nice, classy clothing so, in the rare case of an accident, people would know that she did not die a woman from the lower class. She also pleads with the Misfit, "You wouldn't shoot a lady, would you?" when she is held hostage. This desperate plea proves ludicrous because he would have killed her even if she were poor. In "Revelation" Mrs. Turpin is extremely cognizant of her place in society. While ranking the classes of people in her head she describes, ."..and above them the home-land owners, to which she and Claud belonged." The fact t hat she actually spends her nights carefully constructing in her mind a class ranking system proves that she places a strong emphasis on her own social status. Also, her feeling of superiority toward the lower class is evident when she thinks, "Help them you must, but help them you couldn't." She fool... ...ntly to her workers, "Idiots! You could never say anything intelligent to a nigger." Mrs. May in "Greenleaf" shows her disgust toward African Americans when she asks her son, "What nice girl wants to marry a nigger-insurance man?" She is appalled that her son sells insurance to African Americans for a living and is convinced that no decent woman would ever consider marrying him with this sort of career. "A Good Man is Hard to Find", "Revelation", and "Greenleaf" depict these three characters as haughty, self-righteous females who view everyone around them to be inferior beings. Of course, the different and similar histories and experiences of their lives shaped them all. Sadly though, the sum total of all they had lived amounted to nothing more than overflowing bitterness and hatred; obviously, ignorance was in splendid supply during O'connor's writing.

Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

Behavior- Behave, it its root form, means to contain or to have. In the reflective sense, it means ‘to have bear oneself’. To use the word behave in common conversation, it is understood as to ‘behave well’. As for the phrase ‘to behave badly’, it is understood immediately. Behavior is looked at in society as the way a person presents him or herself in a given situation. It is also related to the specialized sense of manners. Use of the noun to refer to public conduct or, in a moral sense, to a general range of activities is still quite common. But the term is also used in relation to plants, lower organisms and animals to describe the apparent activity of the whole organism. One particular meaning followed from the extension of the methodology of the physical and biological sciences to an influential school of psychology which described itself as behaviorism. Psychology was seen as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science and data of a mental or experimental kind were ruled out as unscientific. This had the effect of limiting the nature of human activity to interactions determined by an environment, other conceptions of intention or purpose being rejected. Many socially applied fields such as communications and advertising, the relatively neutral physical senses of response have been developed into a reductive system of controlled behavior as a summary of all significant human activity. The most important effect is the description of certain intentional human practices and systems as if they were natural stimuli, to which responses can be graded as normal, abnormal or deviant. The sense of independent response is weakened, with important effects in politics and sociology. Bourgeois- Originating in the French language, bourgeois indicates an inhabitant of a borough. Under the feudal regime in France, bourgeois was a judicial category in society, sometimes defined as a trustworthy citizen whose being in life is stable and content. Bourgeois was a word mostly used by the aristocrats because of their contempt for the middle-class. It was also used by the underclass in a sense of respect. The steady growth in size and importance of this bourgeois class in the centries of expanding trade had major consequences in political thought, which in turn had complicating effects on the word. A new concept of society was expressed and transl... ...t controlling intermediary between producers, an employee of labor, or as the owner of the means of production. Career- Definition- The word career is so regularly used to describe a person’s progress in life that the original meanings of the word have been long forgotten. The word career originally meant any rapid or uninterrupted activity. It was used when referring to a carriage road or a racecourse. Career began to evolve when it was used with reference to diplomats and statesmen. The word soon began to indicate progress in a vocation and then the vocation itself. Today, career is inseparable from the terms work, labor, or job. It has been applied to jobs with explicit internal development and has been extended to any favorable or desired occupation. Career is still used in the abstract sense of politicians and entertainers, with some conscious and unconscious class distinction, to work or a job which contains some implicit promise of progress. Career now usually implies continuity if not necessarily promotion, yet the distinction between career and job only partly depends on this and is often associated also with class distinctions between different kinds of work.

My glimpses of Jane Austen Essay

Inspite of my acquaintance with the works of many great writers, Austen’s novels have fascinated me much more than the others .I feel greatly elated to note that the great Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson placed both the Giant of English Literature, William Shakespeare and Jane Austen on the same pedestal. What Shakespeare achieved through his 37 plays and 154 sonnets, Austen accomplished with her six novels – Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, Persuasion, Pride and Prejudice and some minor works like Lady Susan, The Watsons – which is highly commendable. Less number of novels she wrote but great was her achievement is what one can say about Jane Austen. What is so special about Austen that she topped the list of writers of her age? What makes her different from her contemporaries ? What are the special features of her novels and what makes them remarkable are some of the general queries . This paper will bring forth some of my view s with special emphasis on her masterpiece Pride and Prejudice. Having been groomed in a scholarly family Austen’s success as a writer may not seem phenomenal . Many may label Austen’s achievement as mere luck or good fortune .But there is much that contributes to the prodigious personality of the writer . Unlike her predecessors or contemporaries who tried their hand in various forms of literature it is noteworthy that Austen prospered through the sole literary form – the novel .As one browses through her six novels one will definitely note some striking aspects which are persistent in all of them. Austen might have chosen for her subject the restricted social life she had and thus all the six novels share similar features. Yet never do the novels cause boredom and each one of them is interesting in its own way .In fact she has a tremendous capacity to sustain the interest of the reader from the beginning till the end. Apropos the less number of novels she wrote, it is more of a question of quality vs quantity. SOME ASPECTS OF HER NOVELS * Austen is the exponent of the social life of the sophisticated society of her age. Her novels chiefly depict the social life of the early decades of nineteenth century. * Austen wrote essentially domestic fiction. Hence domestic affairs form the heart and soul of her novels. * Women occupy a very important position in her novels . Austen’s novels are famous for their vivacious heroines who gain more prominence than the heroes .She lays bare before us the feminine psyche with great precision. * The themes of love ,courtship, marriage , elopement, and love for property keep recurring. Ballrooms paved the way for courtship. Matchmaking was the birth right of every mother. Falling in love was considered a gateway to marriage. Attachment was essentially artificial, bound by selfish motives. Only males inherited property and so women had to marry to gain financial security. In a family where there was no male to inherit ,the estate was to be transferred to the lady’s husband . A man was judged only through his social status. Thus a man lacking fortune always preferred to marry a lady with good fortune. These are some of the ideas, which form the backbone for Austen’s novels. * Austen’s style is simple and lucid, but appeals to the intellect. Henry Austen in his Biographical Notice wrote † Everything came finished from her pen : for on all subjects she had ideas as clear as her expressions were well chosen â€Å" * As said earlier Austen dealt with similar subjects in her novels but had individualistic approach towards each of them. She made use of embellishments such as wit, humour and irony which give her novels a brilliant effect. * Austen aimed at perfect finish as far as characterization was concerned . While pointing at the meritorious qualities of her protagonists Austen doesn’t fail to expose the follies of the men and women who posed to belong to the elegant class of the society . She artistically handled the affectation and hypocrisy of the upper class . People faced problems due to their own shortcomings. * Another outstanding aspect of her novels is the opening lines which set the tone of the novel .It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife -The opening line of Pride and Prejudice hints the witty and ironic tone of the novel. PRIDE AND PREJUDICE Pride and Prejudice is Austen’s best loved book, as she claimed it to be brilliant and light. The novel is at once satirical , witty , ironical and humorous .It was originally titled â€Å"First Impressions† for the novel centers around the impressions of the people about each other at their first meeting which turn out to be wrong and superficial . However Austen later chose the title Pride and Prejudice, more appropriate, for the novel also deals with the consequence of the character’s impressions, that is their pride or prejudice. Though Austen wrote five other good novels, this particular one is considered her chef d’oeuvre. The novel gained heights because it penetrates deep into the human mind. All the characters in the novel are above ground and their prototypes can even be found in the contemporary society . Austen’s skilful handling of the character sketches alone makes it an extraordinary work of art. MY NOTES ON PRIDE AND PREJUDICE In my opinion Austen’s genius lies in her endeavour to infuse the principles of life in her novels. Her novels overcome the barriers of time, tradition and culture. Subjects relating to real life appeal every one of us, for we identify ourselves with the characters and the happenings in the novel. Pride and Prejudice is primarily based on human motives and the conflicts involved in human life. As I turn the pages of the novel everything appears real to me. There is nothing illusory or melodramatic .The characters of the novel seem to be my acquaintances in life. It is a marvel that Austen at the age of twenty-one mirrored with exactness the philosophy of life, seeking refuge in common themes like love and marriage. This sole novel is an evidence for Austen’s fully developed intellect and her matured personality. Human tendency is such that we initiate trouble and end solving it ourselves. Attitude plays an indispensable role in life. Negative and positive attitudes bring results accordingly. Reversal of wrong attitudes and visualization of things in the correct perspective alone pave way for a happy living. This forms the basis of the novel. Attitudes precede outcomes. Elizabeth dislikes Darcy in their first meeting itself. She is prejudiced against him for his pride. Above all Elizabeth’s aversion is due to a personal rift for she says, † I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine † and this attitude of hers prevents her from comprehending Darcy’s true nature. This is very common in life. We hate people and deny acknowledging their good qualities just because they offend us in one way or the other. Elizabeth’s bad opinion about Darcy creates such circumstances that she is always against him until she reverses her attitude. When Elizabeth changes her mind, Darcy also transforms which does her good. As Elizabeth notes, Darcy is very proud of his wealth, status and everything else .His money made him look good. But his pride swallowed his good qualities. Darcy mingles only with inferior people to proclaim his superiority. That’s why he chooses Elizabeth, who is beneath him as his prospective wife and not the rich, beautiful Miss Bingley. However Darcy loves Elizabeth only for her personality. His snobbish attitude creates trouble for him. The moment he realizes his mistake and stoops to conquer his lover everything turns alright. Mrs. Bennet is another such character whose attitude plays an important role in her life. Mrs. Bennet’s desire to get her five daughters married is nothing wrong. Every mother has the wish to see her daughter well settled in life. But Mrs. Bennet’s approach and attitude turns things wrong for her. She devises cheap plans to procure husbands for her daughters. While machinating to bring Jane and Bingley together, she forces Jane to go on a horse on a rainy day (when the carriage is available) to Mr. Bingley’s house so that she may get wet, fall ill and stay with the Bingleys for a couple of days. Mrs. Bennet thought that she was creating an opportunity for Jane but it results in the Bingley sisters thinking low of her family. Though they like Jane they reject her because of her mother’s uncouth behaviour . Mrs. Bennet foils her own daughter’s prospects of getting married because of her thoughtlessness. Hoping to win the army officers for her daughters, Mrs. Bennet gives Lydia and Kitty too much freedom. This results in Lydia running away with the rogue called Wickham .It is not Lydia’s elopement, which hurts Mrs. Bennet but the consequences. Mrs. Bennet finds Lydia’s running away distressing but her marriage pleasing. She hardly realizes that Lydia is her parallel and she has a share in her daughter’s shameless conduct. Never does she accept her follies unlike her husband. On the other hand she blames others unnecessarily. Finally Mrs. Bennet gets three of her daughters married which may be due to her persistent attempts. Manner and behavior is something purely external of an individual. It is attitude, which counts as far as moulding of one’s character is concerned, is what I feel is the message conveyed by Austen in her novel.

Different Views on Ethical Perspectives Essay

We, as human beings are more often aware of our actions. Before we make decisions critical analysis comes with a great consideration. We are able to analyze these things because are considered as rational beings and we have the ability to think to the highest level we can. We opt to consider whether these things are good or not, if it’s right or wrong and if it’s really needed or not; this we often consider as ethics. Ethics is an issue of morality. There are things that we do that others consider wrong, but others may consider righteous. According to the society we should act as what it considers right; norms are one of the foundations of ethics and we should act accordingly. Norms can be a basis of what is morally right or wrong. There are four perspectives to be discussed in this paper, each of them having their own characteristics and each of them having their strong points and their weaknesses. The perspectives are universally known as the character or virtue, deontology or the perspective of obligation, the theory of utilitarianism and the equity or principle of relativism. The theory of utilitarianism points out two things; one thing is better than the other if we could gain more pleasure from it, and the other thing is not that good, or better yet to say evil, if we could only gain pain from it. This theory also states that we do things voluntarily, that one is considered as the pilot of his own decisions and that such consequences could have not taken place if only he did or did not do such actions. The amount or quantity of pleasure or pain takes into a great consideration in the concept of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is better understood as having the maximization quantity of benefit and less quantity of bad or the pain it can cause. A person would have two distinct choices, the first one is that if he does the action he would gain more pleasure or shall I say he can maximize the benefits of the action; the other is that if he does the action he would have to gain more risks and consequences. The first choice would be most favored because we, as human beings would not want to suffer from the choices we make, we do not want to be suffering from the consequences of our actions so what we do is do the thing that would give us the most favorable and maximum quantity of pleasure (Moore, 1912). Virtue is an ethical perspective that tackles about the actions that we make and the ideals we have in life that we should strive for and that these ideals help us in developing our highest potentials as human beings. This focuses on the traits or character that one has, the dispositions in life and the attitudes whether be it bad or good. Virtues are acquired through doing it everyday, they become a person’s characteristic when they are practiced for the longer time. There are a lot of characteristics and virtues a person can have; truthfulness, patience, honesty, and courteous are some of these. Virtue would help us in pursuing the ideals that we have in life (C. A. Manuel Velasquez, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1996). The theory of ethical relativism states that morality is based on the culture of a society. It singles out that one can either be wrong or right, bad or evil depending on the society the person belongs to; the society is the one concerned in creating its own culture. This theory is basically called relativism because being good or bad is relative of the kind of society a person belongs to; the society dictates whatever thing is perceived as good or bad. Every single society shares a common culture, this culture defines good and bad and the people should act with accordance to the standards of the society they belong. This theory is often argued because of the fact that every single society has its own culture and therefore has its own perception of bad or good. However, this theory is useful in exploring the reasons behind the differentiation of culture among societies (C. A. Manuel Velasquez, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer, 1992). Obligation perspective holds the golden rule â€Å"do not do unto others what you don’t want others do unto you†. It simply states that we should do what is only right and not what is wrong. It holds the principle of doing what is good because of the obligation. Say for example, a person should tell the truth because that person is bound to have an obligation to tell the truth because he doesn’t want other people not to trust him and because he upholds the value of truthfulness. This perspective is sometimes being pertained to utilitarianism, but it is totally different. While obligation is obligatory, utilitarianism is a voluntary act. After taking the ethical awareness test, I have known that what ethic perspective dominates in me is the obligation or the deontology. My perspective is based on my obligation or duty to do what is morally right. With this, I am to consider a thing as ethical if I choose how I act and what rules I am willing to oblige. It is also stated in my ethical perspective that the people should not be treated as a means to justify an end, simply stating â€Å"the end does not justify the means†. I also believe that every single individual should be given the respect that any man should have and therefore I won’t be able to comply with the policies and social traditions aimed at the best interest of the society as a whole. However, my approach to ethics requires legal and humane limits, I simply believe that people should be allowed to make their own choices and I advocate policies that have the intention to ensure equal opportunities for all as well as equal respect. My ethical perspective upholds the principle of doing things in accordance with the standards of right and wrong. However, though my ethical perspective aims to do what is morally right I am faced with numbers of dilemmas with regards to work. These problems would somehow cause me frustrations and may lead to a more devastated life in the future for it is not only concerned in the present but it also pertains to the future. One of the problems I am going to face with this perspective is that the people I work with might argue that some people within a society are not able to act in their own best interests. I may find this a fallacy because it was once used in the denying of the equitable treatment to women and the minorities. This somehow would result to frustration. The second problem I am to face with this perspective is that what I perceived to be morally right may not benefit most of the people. It doesn’t necessarily mean that if I have perceived a thing to be morally right it would maximize the good or pleasure. This would cause me another frustration because if I had made a decision which I perceived to be right and it didn’t work to be beneficial I may have doubts when I make a decision again. It might cause greater problems in the future. Another dilemma I am to face with this perspective is that defending this may end up in economic hardship; in worst cases I can be terminated. Say for example, in a working place several employees should be terminated because the company is having low production because these people are handicapped or they are simply not productive, the best action would be to terminate them but I, as a moralist would say that they should not be terminated because they have children. In the long run, if these people would be in the company and the company has still a low productivity the company would have losses and it may lead to closure because of the losses. Having things perceived as morally right may not be totally right; some may be beneficial but some can create more problems. We as human beings should act accordingly to whatever it is that we perceive because these choices are free of charge, because God created us with the opportunity of having what we call free will and should be practiced. We should not depend on what others may in making our decisions but we should also be ready for the consequences that accompany our decisions. Whatever action we do we should think of it twice, we should think that there are always two sides of a story. We should not be bounded by obligations because this might cause us greater frustrations in the future and this may lead to a very low self-esteem. We don’t want these to happen that’s why we should think critically and make decisions wisely because we are the pilot of our own lives.

Review for Midterm

Review for midterm Note: You must be able to perform calculations, make decisions under various alternative situation. Simply knowing the definition is not sufficient to earn good grade. Chapter 1 Management functions Manufacturing costs Cost classifications Prepare Cost of goods Manufactured schedules/Cost of goods sold statements Cost of goods sold statements : Calculate missing amounts from given data set Ethical issues Chapter 2 Difference between Job costing and process cost systemCost flow in Job order costing (Cost accumulation and assignment by cost elements), including journal entries Be able to calculate applied manufacturing overhead/under-over applied manufacturing overhead from given data, including adjustments of under-over applied overhead Chapter 3* Cost flow in process cost system Be able to prepare production cost report and its components Analyze Production cost report Compute missing data within the production cost report *Only Weighted average method Chapter 5 Kn ow cost behavior, identify types of costs from given data set and why it is so important Relevant rangeApply High-low method to determine fixed/variable cost CVP: Assumptions of CVP analysis Be able to prepare CVP income statement Compute Contribution margin, and contribution margin ratio What is Break-even point Be able to complete break-even analysis under different scenario Include Target net income with break-even analysis, Margin of safety Review problem 1. Temp Range Company prepared the following income statement for 2014: TEMP RANGE COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 ——————————————————————————————————————————— Sales (5,000 units)$200,000 Variable expens es 75,000Contribution margin125,000 Fixed expenses 83,200 Net income$ 41,800 Instructions Answer the following independent questions and show computations to support your answers. 1. What is the company’s break-even point in units? 2. How many units would the company have had to sell to earn a target net income of $33,000 in 2014? 3. If the company expects a 65% increase in sales volume in 2015, what would be the expected net income in 2015? 4. How much sales (in dollars) would the company have to generate in order to earn a target net income of $288,000 in 2015? #2: Job order costingSandro Clean uses a job order cost accounting system. On October 1, the company has a balance in Work in Process Inventory of $4,200 and two jobs in process: Job No. R92, $1,600 and Job No. R93, $2,600. During October, a summary of source documents reveals the following: ForMaterials Requisition SlipsLabor Time Tickets Job No. R92$ 2,200$ 7,100 Job No. R931,7004,100 Job No. R944,7003,300 Job No. R952,2005,100 General Use 1,800 2,000 $12,600$21,600 Sandro applies manufacturing overhead to jobs at an overhead rate of 90% of direct labor cost. Job No. R92 was completed during the month.Instructions (a)Prepare summary journal entries to record the requisition slips, time tickets, the assignment of manufacturing overhead to jobs, and the completion of Job No. R92. Show computations. (b)Answer the following questions. 1. What is the balance in Work in Process Inventory at October 31? 2. If Sandro incurred $13,000 of manufacturing overhead in addition to indirect labor and indirect materials, was overhead over- or underapplied in October and by how much? Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold Selected account balances of Santana Manufacturing Company appear below for 2014:Beginning of YearEnd of Year Finished Goods Inventory$15,000$ 17,000 Work In Process Inventory22,00021,000 Raw Materials Inventory13,00019,000 Sales380,000 Direct Labor43,000 Factory Supervisory Salaries17,000 Incom e Tax Expense32,000 Factory Insurance18,000 Raw Material Purchases93,000 Administrative Expenses12,000 Sales Returns and Allowances3,000 Factory Depreciation8,000 Indirect Labor14,000 Selling Expenses44,000 Instructions Using the above information for Santana Manufacturing Company, Prepare Cost of goods sold statement. Support your answers with clearly identified computations.

What are some of the perspectives that western scholars have employed Research Paper

What are some of the perspectives that western scholars have employed to understand the Cultural Revolution in China in 1965 - Research Paper Example and in regard to the Cultural Revolution itself, the content is expected to better explain how Western scholars arrived at their judgments and allow the readers to better pinpoint biases, inadequacies and their opposite in the humungous body of literature on the subject. The study of Communist China is a field in itself and that the corpus of literature written about the subject in the West could probably equal the rest of Chinese history combined. In the study of the Cultural Revolution, Western scholars analyze and understand the phenomenon using the studied society’s criteria or some use their own society’s criteria. Few scholars go so far as to claim that internal criteria are in principle inaccessible to cross-cultural scholars or that using either internal or external criteria is inherently inappropriate. According to Xiuwu Liu: this dichotomous classification of evaluation criteria as internal versus external, like the similar dichotomous classification of points of view, has serious limitations. Indeed, as with points of view, it is impossible to classify many criteria according to this dichotomy. More important, the subjects and purposes of evaluation are diverse.1 Indeed, one single set of assessment criteria for the Cultural Revolution among Western scholars, whether it be internal or external to the extent that it can be identified, cannot appropriately or adequately cover all possible assessment situations. And so, it is understandable that there are many ways, perspectives and approaches to analyze the Cultural Revolution and scholars contend on the methods most appropriate for the country and for the period. Nonetheless, there are sufficient evidences from which valid and credible interpretations could be made as the subject - the Cultural Revolution – is widely documented. For this paper, two important perspectives are explored that – the Mao-in-command model and the factionalism models. Radicalism in China began in 1956 with Mao’s